Investigative study of seasonal changes in Quality Parameters of Oluwa River Water, Agbabu area of Nigeria

Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity's average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ K+ Na+ Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- Cl- SO42- NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season

Some Adverse Effects of Used Engine Oil (Common Waste Pollutant) On Reproduction of Male Sprague Dawley Rats

AIM: Used oil is contaminated not only with heavy metals but also with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are insignificant in the unused oil. In our study we determined possible reproductive effects of used engine oil on male rats.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty eight male Wistar rats were used for the study. The rats had average weight of 181.5 ± 10 g, animal feeds and portable water was provided ad-libitum. The rats were assigned to 4 groups (n = 7) including control. The treated groups orally received 0.1 ml/rat, 0.2 ml/rat and 0.4 ml/rat of the used engine oil every other day for 28 days using oral canulla. The spermatozoa were collected from epididymis for sperm analysis and testes were removed and preserved in Bouin’s fluid for routine histological analysis.RESULTS: Our results showed that there was progressive weight increase among the control group of rats that received distilled water. Meanwhile, rats that received 0.4 ml/rat of the used engine oil showed significant (P < 0.05) weight loss in second and third week of administration while rats that received 0.2 ml/rat and 0.1 ml/rat of the used engine oil showed non-significant (P > 0.05) weight reduction. The spermatozoa number was decreased with significance (P < 0.05) at 0.2 ml/rat (2.38 ± 0.29) and 0.4 ml/rat (1.98 ± 0.08) when compared with the control (5.00 ± 0.89). However, the percentage of motile sperms was reduced significantly (P <0.05) at 0.2 ml/rat (52.86 ± 3.59) and 0.4 ml/rat (45.71 ± 2.94) except at 0.1 ml/rat where the reduction (64.00 ± 7.5) was not significant (P> 0.05). The percentage of head deformity been 41.43 ± 2.61 and 42.00 ± 3.74 at 0.2 ml/rat and 0.4 ml/rat respectively, also significant increase of middle piece deformity was observed only at 0.1 ml/rat (45.71 ± 2.02) while tail deformity significantly decreased (15.71 ± 2.02, 20.00 ± 4.36 and 20.00 ± 4.47) when compared with the control (30.00 ± 1.29). The testicular seminiferous tubules were slightly degenerated with absence of Lumen. The germinal cell layer consisting of necrosis of spermatogonia and interstitial (Leydig) cells with affected Sertoli cells at different maturation stages.CONCLUSION: Hence, it can be said that there is a negative relation between used engine oil and male reproductive parameters. And it can be concluded that used engine oil should be  prevented from leaking, spilling or improperly discarded as through medium it may enter storm water runoff and eventually affect the environmental health receiving water bodies

Evaluation of Morphogenesis and Yield of Three \u3ci\u3ePennisetum purpureum\u3c/i\u3e Varieties in South-West, Nigeria

This experiment, conducted at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria evaluated the morphogenesis of three varieties of Pennisetum purpureum used in this study, which were the local, purple, and FI variety at different stages of growth. The plants were established through vegetative plant parts (stems) sourced from a previously established plot and planted using 1 m × 1 m spacing on plots measuring 4 m × 5 m. The plants were fertilized with split doses of poultry manure at 4 t/ha (equivalent to 120 kg N/ha). The experiment was laid out as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Data on the morphogenic traits and dry matter yield were collected at bi-weekly from the 4th week for a period of twelve weeks. Results showed that the morphogenic plant traits differed significantly (p\u3c 0.05) between the varieties, except the tiller appearance rate (p\u3e 0.05) which was not significantly (p\u3e 0.05) different when the varieties were compared. The purple variety had the least plant elongation and leaf appearance rate values, however, for both traits, the F1 hybrid and local variety had similar trait values. The F1 variety had the least (p\u3c 0.05) leaf elongation rate value and the highest leaf (p\u3c 0.05) expansion rate value. On the other hand, the local and purple variety had comparably higher leaf elongation rate and leaf expansion rate values. The purple variety had higher (p\u3c 0.05) dry matter yield at the 6th and 8th week, but at the 10th and 12th week, the local variety produced the highest dry matter yield. In conclusion, the varieties had distinct morphogenic traits. Also, while the purple variety produced higher dry matter yield at the early stages of growth, dry matter production was higher for the local variety at more advanced stages of growth (10 and 12 weeks)

Višestruko otporni verotoksični sojevi bakterije Escherichia coli O157:H7 u pasa s proljevom i bez proljeva u Abeokuti, Nigerija.

Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess the role of dogs as a possible source of transmission of VTEC O157:H7 to humans, the faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for the presence of the organism. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All the E. coli O157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed among the isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfl oxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC O157:H7 transmissible to humans.Verotoksični sojevi bakterije Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157:H7 pretežito uzrokuju hemoragijski kolitis (HC) i hemolitičko-uremijski sindrom (HUS) u ljudi. Radi procjene uloge pasa kao mogućeg izvora prijenosa VTEC O157:H7 na ljude, pretraženi su uzorci njihova proljeva (31) i normalno formiranog fecesa (63) na prisutnost te bakterije. Escherichia coli O157:H7 bila je izdvojena iz 22 (23,4%) od 94 pretražena uzorka. Bila je dokazana u 5 (16,1%) od 31 uzorka proljeva i 17 (26,9%) od 63 uzorka normalno formiranog izmeta. Nije bila ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika (P>0,05). Svi izolati bakterije E. coli O157:H7 proizvodili su jedan ili oba verotoksina: 1 i 2 (VT1 i VT2). Verotoksin 1 bio je dokazan u 10 (45,5%) od 22 izolata, VT2 u osam (36,4%), dok su oba tipa toksina bila dokazana u četiri (18,2%) izolata. Šesnaest (72,7%) od 22 izolata bilo je otporno na najmanje tri antimikrobne tvari različitih skupina. Među izolatima je bilo ustanovljeno 18 različitih obrazaca otpornosti na antimikrobne tvari. Izolati su pokazivali otpornost na ampicilin (86,4%), kloramfenikol (36,4%), ciprofl oksacin (4,5%), gentamicin (18,2%), kanamicin (68,2%), nalidiksičnu kiselinu (22,7%), neomicin (40,9%), norfl oksacin (9,1%), streptomicin (63,6%), sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim (63,6%) i tetraciklin (77,3%). Istraživanje je pokazalo da psi s proljevom i bez proljeva mogu biti izvor multiplorezistentne VTEC O157:H7 za ljude

Antibiogram nekih bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae izdvojenih iz pilića u slobodnom sustava držanja u Abeokuti u Nigeriji.

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae is an important indicator of the emergence of resistant bacterial strains in the community. This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Enterobacteriaceae from free-range chickens to antimicrobial agents using the broth microdilution. In all, 184 isolates (including 104 Escherichia coli, 44 Klebsiella spp, 20 Salmonella spp. and 16 Enterobacter aerogenes) were resistant to ampicillin (89.7%), chloramphenicol (73.9%), ciprofloxacin (33.2%), enrofloxacin (60.3%), neomycin (70.7%), norfloxacin (45.7%), streptomycin (78.8%) and tetracycline (73.4%). Escherichia coli was resistant to ampicillin (92.3%), chloramphenicol (73.1%), ciprofloxacin (34.6%), enrofloxacin (61.5%), neomycin (76.9%), norfloxacin (46.2%), streptomycin (80.8%) and tetracycline (76.9%). The rate of resistance in Klebsiella spp. was ampicillin (90.9%), chloramphenicol (72.7%), ciprofloxacin (54.5%), enrofloxacin (90.9%), neomycin (63.6%), norfloxacin (63.6%), streptomycin (81.8%) and tetracycline (81.8%). Salmonella spp. showed resistance to ampicillin (80.0%), chloramphenicol (80.0%), enrofloxacin (20.0%), neomycin (80.0%), norfloxacin (20.0%), streptomycin (80.0%) and tetracycline (35.0%) but were completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Enterobacter aerogenes was resistant to ampicillin (81.3%), chloramphenicol (75.0%), ciprofloxacin (6.3%), enrofloxacin (18.8%), neomycin (37.5%), norfloxacin (25.0%), streptomycin (56.3%) and tetracycline (75.0%). Overall, 147 (79.9%) out of 184 isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial agents. The high rate of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from free-range birds may have major implications for human and animal health with adverse economic implications.Otpornost bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae na antimikrobne lijekove važan je pokazatelj pojave otpornih sojeva u populaciji. U ovom je radu mikrodilucijskim postupkom bila istražena osjetljivost na antimikrobne lijekove bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae izdvojenih iz pilića u slobodnom sustavu držanja. Od 184 izolata (104 izolata bakterije Escherichia coli, 44 Klebsiella spp., 20 Salmonella spp. i 16 Enterobacter aerogenes) na ampicilin je bilo otporno 89,7% izolata, na klormafenikol 73,9%, ciprofloksacin 33,2%, enrofloksacin 60,3%, neomicin 70,7%, norfloksacin 45,7%, streptomicin 78,8% i tetraciklin 73,4%. Izolati bakterije Escherichia coli bili su otporni na ampicilin (92,3%), kloramfenikol (73,1%), ciprofloksacin (34,6%), enrofloksacin (61,5%), neomicin (76,9%), norfloksacin (46,2%), streptomicin (80,8%) i tetraciklin (76,9%). Stopa otpornosti bakterija roda Klebsiella bila je za ampicilin 90,9%, kloramfenikol 72,7%, ciprofloksacin 54,5%, enrofloksacin 90,9%, neomicin 63,6%, norfloksacin 63,6%, streptomicin 81,8% i tetraciklin 81,8%. Izolati Salmonella spp. pokazivali su otpornost na ampicilin (80,0%), kloramfenikol (80,0%), enrofloksacin (20,0%), neomicin (80,0%), norfloksacin (20,0%), streptomicin (80,0%) i tetraciklin (35,0%), ali su u potpunosti bili osjetljivi na ciprofl oksacin. Izolati Enterobacter aerogenes su bili otporni na ampicilin (81,3%), kloramfenikol (75,0%), ciprofloksacin (6,3%), enrofloksacin (18,8%), neomicin (37,5%), norfloksacin (25,0%), streptomicin (56,3%) i tetraciklin (75,0%). Sveukupno je 147 (79,9%) od 184 izolata pokazivalo višestruku otpornost na najmanje tri nesrodna antimikrobna lijeka. Veliki postotak bakterijskih izolata iz slobodno držanih pilića na antimikrobne lijekove može biti od znatne važnosti za ljudsko i životinjsko zdravlje s nepovoljnim gospodarskim učinkom

Making Nurses and Nursing Care Visible in Nigeria. A Review of Standardized Nursing Care Plan from the Nurse Len

A standardized nursing care plan (SNCP) is a published universal action plan that specifies nursing care, and it has evolved into the standard in nursing practice for the betterment of healthcare globally. However, this nursing care plan’s use can vary depending on the institutions thus limiting the use among developing hospitals in developing countries such as Nigeria. The scoping review sought to analyze, consolidate, and summarize data from the body of research on the use of standardized nursing care plans by Nigerian nurses. Searching for and combining research published between 2015 and 2019 involved using a scoping review technique based on Arksey and O’Malley. Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLARS Online, also known as the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, were among the databases that were searched. The number of items that might be included was 38. Standardized nursing languages in the form of NANDA-I were the mostly utilized nursing languages in many hospitals in the country, meanwhile, activities in nursing intervention classification were used by a few. However, nursing outcome classification was stated as nursing evaluation in many hospitals. Also, three categories of identified factors to SNCPs use were I. not having the right format of SNCP on the wards. II. Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria not mandating its use. III. Hospitals not having a policy for the nurses to mandate its use. Addressing the core barriers and making the right format of SNCP available will promote its use in all hospitals in the country. The authors recommend that the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria should mandate its full adoption in documenting patient care in the hospitals

Development of an Improved Convolutional Neural Network for an Automated Face Based University Attendance System

Because of the flaws of the present university attendance system, which has always been time intensive, not accurate, and a hard process to follow. It, therefore, becomes imperative to eradicate or minimize the deficiencies identified in the archaic method. The identification of human face systems has evolved into a significant element in autonomous attendance-taking systems due to their ease of adoption and dependable and polite engagement. Face recognition technology has drastically altered the field of Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) however it has challenges of high computing costs for analyzing information and determining the best specifications (design) for each problem. Thus, this study aims to enhance CNN’s performance using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for an automated face-based University attendance system. The improved face recognition accuracy with CNN-GA got 96.49% while the face recognition accuracy with CNN got 92.54%

Addressing antimicrobial resistance in Nigerian hospitals : exploring physicians prescribing behavior, knowledge, and perception of antimicrobial resistance and stewardship programs

Introduction: We assessed the knowledge of, attitude toward antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and practice of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) among physicians in Nigeria to provide future guidance to the Nigerian National Action Plan for AMR. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study explored the physicians’ self-reported practice of antibiotic prescribing, knowledge, attitude, and practice of AMR and components of ASPs. Results: The majority (217; 67.2%) of respondents prescribed antibiotics daily in their clinical practice AMR was recognized as a global and local problem by 308 (95.4%) and 262 (81.1%) respondents, respectively. Only 91 (28.2%) of respondents have ever heard of antibiotic stewardship. The median AMR knowledge score was 40 (19–45)out of 45while that for ASP was 46.0(32–57) out of 60. There was significant statistical difference between the ASP median scores among the medical specialties category (P value <0.0001) More respondents had good knowledge of AMR than ASPs (82.7% versus 36.5%; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Respondents in this study were more knowledgeable about AMR than AMS and its core components

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic